Organophosphateforbindelser

Organophosphates are a broad class of organophosphorus compounds, typically esters of phosphoric or phosphorothioic acids, in which a phosphorus atom is bonded to oxygen or sulfur and to organic substituents. They include widely used pesticides such as malathion, chlorpyrifos, and parathion, as well as nerve agents such as sarin and soman. The term encompasses both agricultural chemicals and toxic organophosphorus compounds with potential for chemical weaponization.

Their primary toxic action is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Inhibition leads to accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, producing a range of signs from sweating, salivation, miosis, and bronchospasm to muscle weakness, fasciculations, seizures, and coma.

Pesticide organophosphates are widely used in agriculture but pose risks to humans and wildlife. Exposure can occur via skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion, especially to agricultural workers and in households in some regions. Many organophosphates degrade fairly quickly in the environment through hydrolysis and microbial action, though some persist in soil or water.

Acute exposure requires urgent medical care. Treatment typically includes decontamination, atropine to reduce muscarinic effects, and oximes such as pralidoxime to reactivate AChE if given before aging. Prevention through proper handling, protective equipment, and regulatory controls has reduced risks in many regions; some organophosphates are banned or restricted due to toxicity, while others remain in use.