Opsonizovaného

Opsonizovaného is a grammatical form of the Czech adjective opsonizovaný, meaning that something has undergone opsonization. In immunology, opsonization is the coating of a target such as a bacterium or particle with opsonins, which mark it for attack by phagocytes.

Opsoniny are molecules that bind to the surface of a pathogen or particle and facilitate its recognition by immune cells. The main opsonins in humans are antibodies of the IgG class and fragments of the complement system, particularly C3b and iC3b. When a target is opsonized, phagocytes detect it through receptors such as Fc gamma receptors for IgG and complement receptors like CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18), which promotes attachment and engulfment.

Mechanistically, opsonization enhances phagocytosis by increasing the binding strength between the target and phagocytes and by activating intracellular pathways that lead to internalization and destruction. Opsonization can also influence antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and inflammation, depending on the context and receptors involved.

Biological and clinical relevance is substantial. Efficient opsonization is essential for rapid clearance of many bacteria and other pathogens. Defects in antibodies or complement components can reduce opsonization and raise infection risk. Some pathogens counteract this process with capsules or surface proteins that hinder opsonin binding. Therapeutically, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines often rely on or improve opsonization to enhance pathogen clearance.

Etymology notes that the term opsonization and the noun opsonin were introduced in the early 20th century, based on a Greek root implying making a target more palatable to phagocytes.