Opioiddependent

Opioid-dependent is a descriptive term used for people who rely on opioids—such as prescription pain medicines or heroin—and have developed physiological dependence or a broader pattern of problematic use. In current clinical practice the preferred label for the condition is opioid use disorder (OUD). The older term “opioid dependence” can reflect physical dependence that may occur with long-term opioid exposure, but does not by itself indicate the presence or absence of a substance use disorder.

Physical dependence refers to tolerance and withdrawal that can occur if opioid use is reduced or stopped. Opioid use disorder involves a problematic pattern of use characterized by craving, loss of control over use, continued use despite harm, and impairment in daily life. Severity is described as mild, moderate, or severe based on diagnostic criteria.

Common opioids include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and heroin. Risk factors for developing OUD include prolonged exposure to opioids, high-dose use, co-occurring mental health disorders, history of substance use, chronic pain, and certain social or environmental stressors. Complications can include overdose, infectious diseases, cardiovascular or respiratory problems, and social or legal consequences.

Treatment often involves medication-assisted treatment (MAT) with methadone, buprenorphine, or extended-release naltrexone, combined with counseling and other psychosocial supports. Detoxification alone is less effective long-term. Harm reduction approaches, including naloxone distribution and access to comprehensive addiction care, improve outcomes. Early engagement in evidence-based treatment reduces overdose risk and supports recovery, though access barriers and stigma can impede care.