Oclusals

Oclusals, or occlusal surfaces, are the chewing surfaces of teeth—primarily the posterior teeth—that come into contact with the opposing dentition when the jaws close. They include cusps, grooves, fossae, ridges, and the occlusal table, and they determine how the teeth meet during static closure and dynamic chewing movements.

Function and contact pattern: The occlusal surfaces enable grinding and crushing of food, help maintain the vertical dimension of the face, and distribute biting forces. Contact occurs in centric occlusion and during movements such as protrusion and lateral excursions, where anterior guidance and posterior disclusion influence load distribution.

Variation and wear: Occlusal morphology varies among individuals and evolves with age. The surfaces may wear through attrition or abrasion, altering cusp height and groove patterns. Occlusal trauma may occur when excessive or misaligned forces create tooth mobility, fracture risk, or temporomandibular symptoms.

Clinical relevance: In restorative dentistry and orthodontics, assessment of oclusals guides treatment aims, including occlusal adjustments, equilibration, splint therapy, and the design of indirect restorations to achieve balanced, functional contacts and stable temporomandibular function.