Nourishment

Nourishment is the process by which living organisms obtain and utilize substances necessary for growth, energy, and the maintenance of bodily functions. It includes the intake of food and drink, the digestive and absorptive steps that release nutrients, and the metabolic pathways that use those nutrients for energy, tissue repair, and regulation of bodily processes.

Nutrients are commonly divided into macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water—that supply energy and building blocks in larger amounts, and micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—that support enzyme function, metabolism, and structure in smaller amounts. Dietary fiber and phytochemicals are also regarded as important for health, though not all are essential nutrients.

Nourishment is influenced by availability, cultural practices, food quality, and individual needs. Proper nourishment supports growth, immune function, cognitive development, and physical performance. Inadequate intake, poor absorption, or increased needs can lead to malnutrition, with conditions such as undernutrition or micronutrient deficiencies, while excessive intake can contribute to overweight, obesity, and related diseases.

In medical contexts, nourishment may be provided orally when possible or through medical technologies such as enteral nutrition (tube feeding) or parenteral nutrition (intravenous). In agriculture and horticulture, nourishment also describes supplying soil and plant nutrients to promote healthy growth.

Nourishment is a foundational concept in biology, health, and society. Guidelines and dietary recommendations aim to help individuals achieve a balanced pattern of nutrient intake appropriate to age, sex, activity, and health status.