Nordicmodel

Nordicmodel refers to a family of prostitution policies developed in Nordic countries and commonly described as the Nordic or Swedish model. Its defining feature is to criminalize the purchase of sexual services while decriminalizing or taking a non-punitive approach toward those who sell sex. In most formulations, third parties who profit from prostitution, such as pimps or brothel operators, are criminalized, while sex workers receive protection, services, and support rather than criminal penalties.

The policy originated in Sweden with the 1999 Sex Purchase Act, which made buying sex illegal and defined the buyer as the offender. Over the following decades the model was adopted or adapted in Norway, Iceland, and Finland, with variations in enforcement and in how other actors, such as clients, managers, or trafficking suspects, are treated. The term Nordic model is used to describe this general approach, as well as its influence on policy elsewhere.

Proponents argue that the model reduces demand for prostitution, curbs trafficking, and promotes gender equality. Critics contend that criminalizing buyers can push prostitution underground, increase risks for sex workers, hinder access to health and social services, and limit worker organizing. Evidence on effectiveness is mixed and highly context-dependent, with some studies noting declines in transaction-based demand in certain settings and others highlighting ongoing safety and rights concerns among sex workers.

The model has shaped international debates about prostitution policy and has influenced reform discussions in countries outside the Nordic region.