Nonane

Nonane is an organic compound in the alkane family with the molecular formula C9H20. It is a saturated, acyclic hydrocarbon composed of nine carbon atoms connected by single bonds, with the remaining valences filled by hydrogen. Like other alkanes, nonane is nonpolar and has relatively low solubility in water and higher solubility in organic solvents. The straight‑chain form is referred to as n-nonane, while the term nonane also encompasses a number of branched isomers.

There are 35 constitutional isomers of C9H20, including n-nonane and numerous branched forms. The name nonane often refers to the linear isomer, but nonanes collectively describe all C9H20 isomers. Physical properties vary among isomers, but all are colorless liquids or low-melting hydrocarbons at room temperature. The boiling point of the straight-chain is about 151 °C, while branched isomers typically boil at lower temperatures due to decreased surface area and weaker van der Waals forces.

Nonane occurs in petroleum and is obtained during refining and processing of crude oil, often appearing in the C9 fraction. It is produced by distillation and various upgrading processes such as catalytic cracking. It is used as a solvent in paints, coatings, and cleansing products and serves as a chemical feedstock for synthesis. It may also be employed as a reference material or solvent in gas chromatography.

Safety and handling: nonane is flammable and its vapors can form explosive mixtures with air. Exposure can cause dizziness or irritation; appropriate ventilation, storage, and handling practices are recommended. Environmental considerations are typical of saturated hydrocarbons, with spills requiring containment and cleanup to prevent soil or water contamination.