Nitrobenceno

Nitrobenceno is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NO2. It is a pale yellow, oily liquid with a characteristic bitter almond-like odor. Nitrobenceno is an aromatic nitro compound and is the simplest of the nitroaromatics. It is synthesized industrially by the nitration of benzene, typically using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid. This electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction is a cornerstone of organic synthesis.

The primary industrial use of nitrobenceno is as a precursor for the production of aniline, another important chemical intermediate. Aniline is synthesized by the reduction of nitrobenceno. This reduction can be achieved through various methods, including catalytic hydrogenation or using iron and acid. Aniline is essential for the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers such as polyurethane. Nitrobenceno itself has found limited direct applications due to its toxicity, though it has been used historically as a solvent and in the production of some explosives, though these uses are now largely phased out.

Nitrobenceno is highly toxic and can be absorbed through the skin, by inhalation, or ingestion. Exposure can lead to methemoglobinemia, a condition where the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced, causing a bluish discoloration of the skin and lips, headache, dizziness, and potentially death. Due to its hazardous nature, strict safety precautions are necessary when handling nitrobenceno.