Nitroaromáticos

Nitroaromáticos are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups (-NO2) attached to an aromatic ring. The nitro group is a strongly electron-withdrawing substituent, which significantly influences the chemical and physical properties of the aromatic system. These compounds are typically synthesized through the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction known as nitration, where a nitrating agent, commonly a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, introduces the nitro group onto the aromatic ring.

The presence of the nitro group often imparts color to nitroaromatic compounds, leading to their use as dyes and pigments. Many important industrial chemicals, such as intermediates for the production of amines, explosives, and pharmaceuticals, are nitroaromatic derivatives. For example, nitrobenzene is a precursor to aniline, a key building block for many dyes and polymers. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a well-known explosive.

However, many nitroaromatic compounds are also toxic and can be environmentally persistent. Their study and handling require appropriate safety precautions due to potential health hazards and reactivity. Some nitroaromatic compounds have also been investigated for their biological activity, including antimicrobial and anticancer properties, although their therapeutic application is often limited by toxicity concerns.