Neutropeni

Neutropenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's defense against bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granulocyte, and their deficiency leaves an individual more susceptible to infections.

Neutropenia can be broadly categorized into congenital and acquired forms. Congenital neutropenia are genetic disorders present from birth, such as severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), also known as Kostmann syndrome. Acquired neutropenia can develop later in life due to various factors. These include certain medications, autoimmune diseases where the body mistakenly attacks its own neutrophils, viral infections like HIV or hepatitis, bone marrow disorders like aplastic anemia or leukemia, and nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

The severity of neutropenia is often graded based on the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). A mild decrease is considered mild neutropenia, while a severe reduction significantly increases infection risk. Symptoms can range from none to severe, recurrent infections. Common signs include fever, mouth sores, skin infections, and pneumonia.

Diagnosis of neutropenia involves a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, which measures the number of different types of blood cells, including neutrophils. Further investigations may be needed to determine the underlying cause. Treatment strategies are directed at the cause of neutropenia and preventing or managing infections. This can involve antibiotics, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to stimulate neutrophil production, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.