Neutrofiil

Neutrofiil, also known as a neutrophil, is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a crucial role in the immune system. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell in humans, typically making up 50% to 70% of the total leukocyte count. They are part of the granulocyte subgroup, characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and antimicrobial proteins.

Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow through a process called hematopoiesis, where stem cells differentiate into mature neutrophils over several stages. Once mature, they are released into the bloodstream and circulate for a limited time before migrating to tissues, where they can survive for several days. Their primary function is to defend the body against infections caused by bacteria and fungi. Neutrophils are attracted to sites of infection or inflammation through a process called chemotaxis, where they respond to chemical signals released by damaged tissues or pathogens.

Upon reaching an infection site, neutrophils perform phagocytosis, a process where they engulf and digest microorganisms. They release enzymes and reactive oxygen species that help destroy pathogens. Neutrophils also play a role in initiating inflammation by releasing cytokines, which recruit additional immune cells to the site of infection. Despite their critical role in fighting infections, excessive neutrophil activity can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation.

Neutrophil levels in the blood can be measured through a complete blood count (CBC) test. Elevated neutrophil counts, known as neutrophilia, may indicate infections, inflammation, or certain types of cancer. Conversely, low neutrophil counts, or neutropenia, can result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, or the side effects of certain medications. Monitoring neutrophil levels is important for diagnosing and managing various medical conditions.