Neelamisvõime

Neelamisvõime, or swallowing ability, is a complex sensorimotor process that moves liquids and solids from the mouth to the stomach while protecting the airway. In humans, swallowing comprises three phases: oral (preparatory and transport), pharyngeal (reflexive), and esophageal (peristaltic transport). Efficient neelamisvõime relies on intact sensation, muscle function, and neural control from the cortex to the brainstem.

The oral phase prepares the bolus and moves it to the back of the mouth. The pharyngeal phase triggers swallow, seals the airway, and guides the bolus downward. The esophageal phase uses peristalsis to deliver the bolus to the stomach.

Impairment, or dysphagia, arises from neurological disorders (stroke, Parkinson's disease, dementia), cancer, head and neck injury, muscular or structural diseases, and aging. It increases risk of choking, dehydration, malnutrition, and aspiration pneumonia, and can affect quality of life.

Assessment includes bedside swallow evaluation and instrumental tests such as videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) and fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).

Management combines dietary modifications, postural adjustments, and targeted swallowing therapy, often delivered by speech-language pathologists. When needed, treatment of underlying conditions or surgical options may be pursued.

Understanding neelamisvõime supports multidisciplinary care to maintain nutrition, safety, and communication for individuals with swallowing difficulties.