Nederland

Nederland, in English the Netherlands, is a country in Western Europe. The Kingdom of the Netherlands also includes several Caribbean territories. The country operates as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The monarch is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The capital city is Amsterdam, while the seat of government, parliament, and the supreme courts are in The Hague.

Geography and environment: The Netherlands is bordered by the North Sea to the west and north, and by Belgium and Germany to the south and east. Much of the land lies below sea level and is protected by an extensive system of dikes, polders, and water boards. The country features a dense network of canals and rivers and a highly urbanized landscape, with major cities including Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht.

History and governance: The region rose to prominence in the 17th century as the Dutch Republic, a leading maritime and commercial power during the Golden Age. In the modern era it became a constitutional monarchy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a founding member of the European Union and NATO, uses the euro, and maintains a comprehensive welfare state.

Economy and culture: The Netherlands has a highly developed, export-oriented economy. Key sectors include services, logistics, agriculture, and high-tech industries. The port of Rotterdam is one of the world's largest cargo hubs. Dutch agriculture is renowned for flowers, vegetables, and dairy. Dutch art and culture have left a lasting global influence, from the Dutch Golden Age painters to contemporary design. Dutch is the national language; Frisian is recognized in Friesland, and English is widely spoken.