Nanocomposite

A nanocomposite is a multiphase material in which at least one phase has nanometer-scale dimensions and the nanoscale constituents are dispersed within a matrix. Nanocomposites can use polymers, ceramics, or metals as the matrix, combined with nanofillers such as layered silicates, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, or metallic nanoparticles, to impart enhanced properties at relatively low filler loadings.

Key advantages include increased mechanical strength and stiffness, improved thermal stability, and enhanced barrier properties against gases or liquids. Depending on the filler, nanocomposites may also exhibit electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, or improved wear resistance. The performance of a nanocomposite depends on the dispersion quality and the strength of the interfacial interaction between filler and matrix. Poor dispersion or agglomeration can negate benefits.

Manufacturing methods include melt compounding, solution mixing, in situ polymerization, and sol-gel processing. Effective dispersion and strong interfacial bonding are central challenges, as is scalability and cost.

Common fillers are layered silicates such as montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes, graphene or graphene oxide, silica, alumina, and nanoscale metals. Matrices are typically polymers, but ceramic and metal matrices are also explored.

Applications span packaging, automotive and aerospace components, electronics, coatings, energy storage, and biomedical devices. Ongoing research addresses processing control, health and environmental considerations, recyclability, and lifecycle impacts of nanocomposites.