Na2B4O710H2O

Na2B4O7·10H2O, commonly called borax or sodium borate decahydrate, is a hydrated boron compound. It consists of two sodium ions, four boron atoms, seven oxygen atoms, and ten water molecules per formula unit. In solid form it appears as a white crystalline material and is readily soluble in water, with solutions that are typically mildly alkaline due to borate species formed in solution.

Borax decahydrate is produced commercially from natural borate minerals or by reacting boric acid with sodium carbonate to form the decahydrate. It occurs in evaporite deposits and is refined for industrial use.

The main uses of Na2B4O7·10H2O are as a flux in glassmaking and ceramics, where it lowers melting temperatures and acts as a stabilizer. It is also employed in detergents and cleaning products for buffering and enhancing cleaning action. In cosmetics and personal care products, borax serves as a buffering agent and stabilizer in small amounts. It has also been used in the textile and paper industries, and historically has been employed as an insecticide and, in some applications, as a fire retardant.

Safety and handling: borax is of low acute toxicity but can be harmful if ingested. It can irritate skin and eyes and should be handled with appropriate protective measures. It should be stored in a dry place, away from acids, which can release boric acid.