NODonatorenNitratsysteme

NODonatorenNitratsysteme refers to chemical and pharmacological systems designed to release nitric oxide (NO) or NO-derived species from nitrate-containing compounds. They are used in research and clinical settings to achieve controlled vasodilation and improved tissue perfusion.

NO is a signaling molecule that activates soluble guanylate cyclase in smooth muscle cells, increasing cyclic GMP and causing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. NO donor systems deliver NO directly or generate it in situ. Classic examples are organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate. Other donor classes include inorganic nitroprusside, nitrosothiols, and diazeniumdiolates. Activation pathways vary: enzymatic routes (for example, aldehyde dehydrogenase–2 mediated bioactivation of nitroglycerin) and non-enzymatic reduction of nitrite to NO under hypoxic conditions also contribute to NO release.

Nitrate delivery systems can take multiple forms, including tablets, sprays, transdermal patches, and polymer-based or nanoparticle formulations designed for controlled release. Dietary nitrates and nitrites provide an additional NO source via the enterosalivary circulation and the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway, particularly under low-oxygen conditions.

Applications of NODonatorenNitratsysteme include treatment of angina pectoris and certain forms of heart failure, perioperative hemodynamic management, and research into cerebral and peripheral vascular effects. Safety considerations encompass the development of tolerance with continuous exposure, potential hypotension and headaches, interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and, in some cases, methemoglobinemia risk with nitrite-containing formulations.

Research in this area continues to optimize delivery, reduce tolerance, and expand therapeutic indications, while regulatory frameworks govern approved nitrate-based medications and their combinations.