Myoelektrik

Myoelektrik is the study and application of electrical signals produced by skeletal muscle fibers when they contract. The signals, known as electromyograms (EMG), are generated by the depolarization of muscle cells and propagate along the muscle, creating voltage fluctuations that can be recorded by electrodes placed on the skin or implanted within the muscle. The term is often used interchangeably with myoelectrical activity.

The technique was first described in the early 20th century by scientists such as J. H. Sporer and later refined by H. T. Wood in the 1930s. Modern myoelectrical analysis employs differential amplification, filtering, and feature extraction to isolate relevant patterns from background noise. Surface EMG uses conventional electrodes, whereas intramuscular EMG uses fine-wire or needle electrodes for deeper analysis.

Myoelectric research is crucial for prosthetic device control. Myoelectric prostheses capture EMG signals from residual limb muscles to generate commands that mimic natural arm movements. Commercial devices such as the DEKA Arm and the Ottobock C-Leg demonstrate practical applications. Beyond prosthetics, myoelectric sensors are utilized in rehabilitation robotics, sports performance monitoring, and human–computer interaction. They also contribute to the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, fatigue assessment, and biomechanical research.

Despite its advantages—noninvasive measurement and direct representation of neural intent—myoelectric control faces challenges. Signal variability due to electrode displacement, sweat, and cross-talk between muscles limits precision. Research continues to improve signal processing algorithms, adaptive calibration, and sensor placement to enhance reliability. Myoelectic technology remains a dynamic field, bridging physiology, engineering, and clinical practice.