Mutazil
Mutazila, or Muʿtazila, is an early Islamic theological movement that arose in the 8th century in Basra and later spread to Baghdad and other centers. The name comes from muʿtazala, meaning those who withdraw or detach themselves, referring to a group that pursued independent, rational inquiry into creed and law. Muʿtazilites emphasized the use of reason (kalam) alongside revelation in theological discourse and argued for a disciplined, rational approach to understanding God, the world, and morality.
Core ideas associated with Muʿtazila include a strong emphasis on tawḥīd (the oneness and transcendence of God)
Historically, Muʿtazila enjoyed influence during the Abbasid era, notably during periods of state-backed rational theology and