Mityba

Mityba, commonly translated as nutrition, is the study and practice of how organisms obtain, digest, absorb, transport, utilize, and excrete nutrients from foods to support growth, health, and energy needs. It covers nutrient requirements, dietary patterns, metabolism, and the prevention of malnutrition and diet-related diseases.

Nutrients consist of macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—and micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—plus fiber and water. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provide energy; proteins supply amino acids for tissue repair and enzyme production; fats deliver essential fatty acids and concentrated energy. Micronutrients are required in smaller amounts but are essential for metabolic processes, immune function, and overall health. Water is essential for hydration and biochemical reactions, and fiber supports digestive health.

Dietary patterns and energy balance are central to mityba. Energy intake versus expenditure influences body weight and health outcomes. A balanced diet emphasizes variety, adequacy, moderation, and safety, with emphasis on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while limiting added sugars, sodium, and highly processed foods. Dietary guidelines and food-based patterns vary by country but share core principles adapted to cultural contexts and available foods.

Special considerations include life stages—infancy, pregnancy, lactation, adolescence, and older adulthood—as well as medical conditions such as diabetes or allergies and cultural or ethical choices like vegetarian or vegan diets. These factors shape nutrient needs, restrictions, and meal planning.

Public health and research in nutrition inform policy, labeling, fortification, and programs to prevent malnutrition and diet-related diseases. Ongoing science explores metabolism, genetics, sustainability, and the impact of food systems on health.