Mitokondielle

Mitokondielle are organelles found in eukaryotic cells, often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell due to their primary role in generating most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.

These organelles possess a unique double-membrane structure. The outer membrane is smooth and encloses the entire mitochondrion, while the inner membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae. These cristae significantly increase the surface area of the inner membrane, which is crucial for the process of cellular respiration.

Within the inner membrane, a gel-like substance called the mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes, ribosomes, and mitochondrial DNA. The process of ATP production, known as oxidative phosphorylation, occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane. This complex process involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, where energy released from the breakdown of glucose and other fuel molecules is used to synthesize ATP.

Besides energy production, mitochondria are also involved in other cellular processes, including calcium homeostasis, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and the synthesis of certain steroids and heme. Due to their role in metabolism and energy, mitochondria are particularly abundant in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells and nerve cells. Mitochondria have their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA, which is inherited maternally.