Misrepresenting

Misrepresenting refers to presenting information in a way that conveys a false or misleading impression of a fact or situation. It can be intentional or unintentional and is a broad term used in law, ethics, and everyday communication. A misrepresentation is typically a false statement or omission of a material fact that may influence a decision. In contract law, categories include fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation, and innocent misrepresentation. The common elements often cited are a false statement concerning a material fact, knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard, intent to induce action, reliance by the other party, and resulting damages. Remedies may include rescission of the contract, damages, or other equitable relief.

In ethics and professional practice, misrepresentation undermines trust and can breach codes of conduct. It can arise from deliberate deceit, careless reporting, or biased framing that distorts the truth. In media and public discourse, misrepresentation may occur through selective presentation of data, cherry-picked evidence, or misleading framing, sometimes referred to as spin or bias. Advertising distinguishes between permissible puffery (subjective praise) and unlawful misrepresentation of a product's properties or performance.

Against the backdrop of research and statistics, misrepresentation of data or results can distort conclusions and have serious consequences for policy and science. Addressing misrepresentation typically involves verification, transparency, disclosures, and, where applicable, legal remedies.