Minorias

Minorias (minorities) are social groups that differ from the majority in one or more defining attributes and that, within a given country, hold less political influence or access to resources relative to the dominant population. They may be numerically small, but can also be sizeable while experiencing marginalization in public life. Common bases for minority status include ethnicity, language, religion, nationality, disability, or sexual orientation, as well as Indigenous or migrant status.

Protection of minority rights is framed in international and regional law as part of universal human rights. Instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and regional agreements establish obligations to protect identity, promote participation in public life, and prohibit discrimination. Policies may include language rights, culturally inclusive education, equal access to services, and measures to ensure political representation so minorities can participate meaningfully in governance.

Policy debates surrounding minorities focus on balancing group rights with individual rights, and on approaches such as assimilation, integration, or multiculturalism. Critics may contend that recognizing group differences risks stereotyping or preferential treatment, while advocates argue that acknowledging and supporting minority rights strengthens social cohesion and protects against exclusion.

Common examples include ethnic minorities, linguistic minorities, religious minorities, Indigenous peoples, migrant communities, and persons with disabilities. The concept and treatment of minorities vary across countries and historical periods, reflecting diverse legal frameworks, social norms, and political contexts.