Mikroplastika

Mikroplastika refers to plastic particles and fragments that are less than 5 millimeters in size. The category includes microbeads, fragments from larger plastics, and microfibers shed from textiles. Definitions vary, with some sources counting particles down to the nanometer scale; others cap at 5 mm.

They enter the environment through various routes: primary microplastics released directly as small particles (such as microbeads in cosmetics and industrial pellets) and secondary microplastics formed by weathering and fragmentation of larger items. Wear from tires and synthetic textiles also contributes fibers to air and water.

Mikroplastika are widespread in oceans, rivers, soils, and even the atmosphere. They can accumulate in sediments and organisms, and have been detected in remote regions. Once in organisms, microplastics may cause physical harm, and may act as carriers for additives and pollutants.

Health and ecological effects are a focus of ongoing research. While some laboratory studies show potential adverse effects, evidence for direct human health impacts is still incomplete. Risk depends on particle size, polymer, chemical additives, and exposure through food and water.

Detection relies on spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman) and microscopy, with efforts to standardize methods and units. Mitigation strategies include reducing plastic use, improving waste management, removing microplastics at wastewater treatment plants, and filtering washing machines. Policy actions and continued research aim to close knowledge gaps.