Mikrofonams

Mikrofonams are devices that convert acoustic energy into electrical signals, enabling recording, amplification, and broadcast. As transducers, they respond to sound pressure by creating electrical currents or voltages that mirror the incoming waveform.

The main categories by transducer principle include dynamic microphones, condenser (capacitor) microphones, and ribbon microphones. Dynamic mics use a diaphragm attached to a voice coil moving within a magnetic field, producing output without external power. Condenser mics require an external voltage to maintain a charged capacitor, typically phantom power 48V or batteries. Ribbon mics use a delicate metal ribbon in a magnetic field and tend to be more fragile but offer musical warmth.

Sound pickup patterns vary: cardioid (and variants such as supercardioid and hypercardioid) pick up mainly from the front; omnidirectional mics capture sound equally from all directions; bidirectional (figure-8) mics pick up from front and back, with attenuation to the sides.

In terms of power and connectors, dynamic mics are generally passive with XLR outputs; condenser mics require power. USB microphones integrate an audio interface for direct digital output; connectors include XLR, USB, and 3.5 mm on some models.

Common applications include studio recording, live sound, broadcasting, field recording, and telecommunication.

Key specifications include frequency response (roughly 20 Hz to 20 kHz for most models), sensitivity (mV/Pa), impedance (ohms), maximum SPL, and signal-to-noise ratio.

History: notable milestones include the carbon microphone of the 1870s, dynamic and condenser developments in the early 20th century, and the advent of electret microphones in the 1960s.

Maintenance: avoid moisture, store properly, use windscreens and pop filters, handle with care.