Mezheb

Mezheb is an Arabic word that translates to "school of thought" or "legal doctrine" within Islam. It refers to a specific methodology and set of principles used by Islamic scholars to interpret and derive rulings from the Quran and Sunnah (the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad). These schools of thought are primarily found in Sunni Islam, though Shia Islam also has its own distinct legal traditions.

The development of mezhebs arose from the need to address the vast array of legal and practical questions faced by Muslims throughout history. Different scholars, using their understanding of Islamic sources and legal reasoning (ijtihad), arrived at varying, though generally complementary, conclusions. The major Sunni mezhebs are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali. Each is named after its principal founder and exhibits distinct approaches to jurisprudence.

The Hanafi school, founded by Imam Abu Hanifa, is known for its extensive use of analogical reasoning and consideration of local customs. The Maliki school, attributed to Imam Malik ibn Anas, emphasizes the practices of the people of Medina and the Sunnah. The Shafi'i school, founded by Imam al-Shafi'i, is recognized for its systematic approach to Usul al-fiqh (principles of jurisprudence) and its emphasis on the Quran and Sunnah. The Hanbali school, founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, is considered the most conservative, adhering strictly to the literal interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah.

While differences exist between mezhebs, they are all considered valid paths to understanding Islamic law. Muslims often follow the teachings of a particular mezheb, but the choice is generally a matter of personal preference or regional tradition, and not seen as a division that fundamentally alters one's faith. The existence of multiple mezhebs reflects the intellectual richness and interpretive diversity within Islamic scholarship.