Messung

Messung, in German science and everyday use, denotes the process of determining the magnitude of a quantity by comparing it with a reference or standard. A measurement yields a numerical value together with a unit and often an estimate of uncertainty. The act involves a quantity to be measured (the measurand), an instrument or method, a reference standard, and a procedure to convert a reading into a quantity with a specified unit.

In metrology, the science of measurement, measurement results are linked to international standards through traceability. Calibration of instruments, regular verification, and documented procedures reduce bias and improve comparability. Uncertainty analysis characterizes the doubt in a result, arising from instrument resolution, environmental conditions, and methodological limitations. Reproducibility and repeatability describe the consistency of measurements under varying conditions and over time.

Measurements can be direct, where the measurand is observed directly (for example length with a ruler), or indirect, where the measurand is inferred via a model from other observables. Errors are classified as systematic (bias) and random (statistical fluctuations); the goal is to minimize and properly quantify them.

Measurements pervade science, engineering, quality control, and daily life, and rely on standardized units defined by the International System of Units (SI). National and international organizations such as BIPM, NIST, DIN, and ISO maintain standards, documents, and calibration services to ensure compatibility across borders and industries.