Membransystems

Membransystems, or membrane systems, are arrangements that rely on a membrane as a selective barrier to separate components, regulate transport, or host chemical or biological processes. They arise in nature, where cellular membranes define compartments and signaling, and in technology, where artificial membranes enable controlled separations and reactions.

In natural contexts, membranes consist mainly of lipid bilayers with embedded proteins. They control the movement of ions and molecules through diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport, and participate in energy transduction, osmoregulation, and communication. Membrane systems are central to cells, organelles, vesicles, and tissues.

Engineered membrane systems are designed to perform separations or allow reactions under industrial conditions. Common membrane types include polymeric, ceramic, and composite materials. Configurations such as hollow-fiber, spiral-wound, and flat-sheet modules enable processes driven by pressure, concentration gradients, or electric potential. Key processes include reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and dialysis, as well as gas separation and electrochemical systems like fuel cells.

Performance is characterized by permeability, selectivity, and flux, balanced against energy use and fouling tendency. Material choice, surface properties, and module design determine durability, cleanability, and lifecycle costs. Ongoing challenges include fouling, chemical resistance, and scaling, alongside the need for sustainable and affordable materials.

Applications span water and wastewater treatment, food and beverage processing, pharmaceutical and biotech production, and environmental monitoring. Research focuses on advanced materials (thin-film composites, graphene-based or MOF-enhanced membranes), anti-fouling surfaces, and integrated processes to maximize efficiency and reduce footprint.