Meeresdünen

Meeresdünen, also known as coastal dunes, are natural formations of sand that accumulate along coastlines. They are primarily created by the action of wind, which transports sand from the beach inland. These dunes play a crucial role in coastal ecosystems and protection.

The formation process begins with loose sand on the beach, often deposited by waves. Prevailing winds pick up this sand and carry it, a process called saltation. Obstacles on the beach, such as vegetation, rocks, or debris, can slow down the wind and cause the sand to deposit, forming small mounds. Over time, these mounds grow larger as more sand accumulates.

Vegetation is a key factor in stabilizing and developing coastal dunes. Pioneer plants, like marram grass (Ammophila arenaria), have specialized root systems that can grow deep into the sand, anchoring it and trapping more windblown sand. As these plants grow and die, their organic matter enriches the sand, allowing other species to colonize, creating a diverse dune ecosystem.

Meeresdünen serve as a natural barrier against storm surges and coastal erosion, protecting inland areas from flooding and damage. They also provide unique habitats for a variety of plants and animals adapted to the harsh conditions of sand, salt, and wind. The biodiversity found in dune systems includes specialized insects, birds, and small mammals.

Human activities, such as construction too close to the coast, off-road vehicle use, and over-trampling, can damage dunes and compromise their protective functions. Therefore, conservation efforts often focus on protecting vegetation, managing access, and restoring degraded dune areas to maintain their ecological integrity and effectiveness.