Mathas

Mathas are Hindu religious monastic institutions that function as centers of learning, spiritual instruction, and the administration of temples and endowments. The term matha derives from Sanskrit and means a seat of learning or monastery; mathas typically house renunciates and students, preserve a guru–shishya lineage, and sponsor ritual activities, scriptural study, and charitable work. They may be affiliated with specific philosophical or devotional traditions, such as Advaita Vedanta, Vaishnavism, Shaivism, or Smarta practice, and often maintain a formal line of succession led by a guru or head swami.

The most influential early model is traditionally traced to Adi Shankaracharya, who is said to have established four cardinal mathas to preserve Hindu teachings across the country: Sringeri Sharada Peetham in Sringeri, Karnataka (south); Jyotir Math in Joshimath (north); Dwarka Math in Dwarka, Gujarat (west); and Puri Math in Puri, Odisha (east). Since then, many other mathas have emerged, associated with regional dynasties, reform movements, and different lineages, including the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham and other Dashanami or Vaishnava and Shaiva orders.

In modern India, mathas continue to serve as centers of learning, scriptural preservation, and religious life, running schools and libraries, managing temples, and promoting social welfare. They preserve ritual practices, publish texts, and provide spiritual guidance to lay followers, pilgrims, and monastic communities alike.