Matha

Matha, plural mathas, is a term used in Indian religious contexts to denote a monastery or monastic establishment that serves as a center for religious instruction, meditation, ritual, and social service. The word derives from Sanskrit matha meaning learning or monastery. In Hinduism, mathas are often tied to specific spiritual lineages or sampradayas and are typically led by a guru, acharya, or sanyasi. They house monks and sometimes lay students, maintain sacred texts, conduct teaching, and oversee temple rites and charitable activities. Many mathas also maintain libraries and schools, provide guidance to pilgrims, and engage in various charitable works.

Historically, mathas appeared in various Indian religious traditions, playing a prominent role in Hindu monastic culture from late classical to medieval periods. A well-known tradition attributes to Adi Shankaracharya the founding of four major mathas intended to preserve and propagate Advaita Vedanta across four cardinal directions—north, south, east, and west. These are traditionally associated with Jyotir Matha in the north, Sringeri Sharada Peetham in the south, Govardhan Matha (often linked to the east) in the Puri region, and Dwarka Matha in the west. Scholarly discussion continues about the precise origins and historical roles of these institutions.

Beyond these four, many other mathas exist across India and among Jain communities, ranging from ancient temple-based centers to modern educational and charitable establishments. They remain influential in religious education, liturgy, temple administration, and the preservation of scriptures and philosophical traditions.