sampradayas

Sampradayas are recognized lineages or traditions within Hinduism that preserve a particular interpretation of scriptures, rituals, and devotional practices. They are typically transmitted through guru-parampara, a succession of teacher-to-disciple, and maintain distinct rites, liturgies, and theological emphases within the broader Hindu framework. Sampradayas may be associated with specific deities, philosophical schools, regional cultures, or communities, and can develop new practices while remaining connected to their heritage.

Origins of sampradayas are often traced to ancient sages or reformers who are revered within a tradition. In practice, a sampradaya comprises temples, monastic lineages, disciplinary codes, liturgies, and devotional practices that are handed down across generations. They exercise authority through recognized teachers, texts, and ritual prescriptions, sometimes expanding through widespread preaching, temple networks, and initiatory rites.

Notable examples illustrate the diversity of sampradayas. In Vaishnavism, the Sri Vaishnavism lineage is associated with Ramanuja; Gaudiya Vaishnavism is linked to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu; and the Madhva or Brahma Sampradaya traces to Madhvacharya. The Dashanami Sampradaya, a monastic order within Advaita Vedanta, was founded by Adi Shankaracharya. Similar lineages exist within Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smarta traditions, each maintaining its own guru succession and ritual repertoire.

Today, sampradayas remain influential in temple practices, devotional life, religious education, and community organization, while also engaging with reform movements and the dynamics of modern society.