Manthana

Manthana is a Sanskrit term meaning churn, stirring, or contemplation. In Hindu tradition, it refers to both a general concept of churn or inquiry and to a specific myth surrounding the cosmic churning of the Ocean of Milk, known as Samudra Manthana. The episode is told in several Puranas and is used to explain the origin of various divine beings, treasures, and events.

In the myth, the devas (gods) and asuras (demons) collaborate to churn the ocean to obtain the nectar of immortality (amrita). Mount Mandara is used as the churning rod, and the serpent Vasuki serves as the rope. To prevent the mountain from sinking, the tortoise avatar of Vishnu (Kurma) supports it on his back. As the churning continues, several phenomena appear in a sequence: the deadly poison Halahala is produced and is swallowed by Shiva to save the world; the physician Dhanvantari emerges with a pot of amrita; Lakshmi, goddess of wealth, emerges and becomes Vishnu’s consort. Other legendary treasures and beings—such as the Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling tree), Kamadhenu (the divine cow), and Airavata (the elephant)—are described in various versions. To secure immortality for the gods, Vishnu intervenes in the form of Mohini, a seductive avatar who distributes the amrita to the devas while outwitting the demons.

The tale of Samudra Manthana is a prominent symbol in Hindu art and liturgy, illustrating cooperation, balance, and the emergence of both material and spiritual wealth from struggle. The term Manthana is also used more broadly in philosophical contexts to denote deep questioning or contemplation.