Makronutrient

Makronutrient is a nutrient required in relatively large amounts by organisms to maintain energy, growth, and normal functioning. In humans, macronutrients are consumed in gram quantities daily, whereas micronutrients are needed in much smaller amounts. The primary macronutrients are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water. They provide energy, structure, and metabolic support; imbalances or deficiencies in macronutrients are often evident through weight changes, energy levels, or organ function.

Carbohydrates supply the body’s main energy source. They yield about 4 kilocalories per gram and include sugars, starches, and dietary fiber. Dietary guidance often emphasizes complex carbohydrates and fiber while limiting added sugars. Carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for short-term energy needs.

Proteins are built from amino acids and support tissue growth, repair, and the function of enzymes and hormones. There are essential amino acids that must be obtained from the diet. Typical adult protein intake recommendations are around 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day, with higher amounts suggested for athletes or during recovery.

Fats provide a dense energy source and supply essential fatty acids. They yield about 9 kilocalories per gram. Health guidance distinguishes saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, with emphasis on unsaturated fats and limiting saturated fats and trans fats. Essential fatty acids include linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.

Water is a non-energy-yielding macronutrient essential for hydration, digestion, circulation, and temperature regulation. Daily water needs vary with climate, activity level, and health status.