Makroekonomian

Makroekonomian, or macroeconomics, is the branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It analyzes aggregated indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, inflation, and the general price level to understand how the economy functions over time. It examines how national income is determined, how output grows in the long run, and how fluctuations in demand and supply drive business cycles.

Key concerns include how government fiscal policy (spending and taxation) and monetary policy (interest rates and money supply) influence overall demand, output, and prices. The role of expectations, financial markets, and credit conditions in shaping macro outcomes is also central. Macroeconomics considers the interactions of an open economy with international trade, capital flows, exchange rates, and external shocks, and studies how these factors contribute to inflation, unemployment, and growth.

Methodology in macroeconomics combines national accounts and time-series data with theoretical models. It draws on classical, Keynesian, monetarist, and new classical/neo-Keynesian traditions, and increasingly relies on dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models to analyze policy scenarios. Econometric methods test theories using historical data and help quantify the effects of policy changes.

Applications of macroeconomics include stabilizing economies during recessions, controlling inflation, and promoting sustainable long-run growth. The field also investigates growth determinants such as productivity, technology, capital accumulation, and institutions, while acknowledging limitations related to model assumptions, data quality, and the inherent uncertainty of forecasting.