Maeshowe

Maeshowe is a Neolithic chambered tomb located on the Orkney Mainland, Scotland, dating to around 2800 BC. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in Northern Europe and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney. The structure is a large, well-preserved mound, beneath which lies a sophisticated stone chamber.

The tomb is entered via a long, low passage that leads to a central chamber. This chamber has three smaller side cells. The construction of Maeshowe demonstrates remarkable engineering skill, with massive flagstones used for its walls and roof.

One of the most fascinating aspects of Maeshowe is the extensive collection of Runic inscriptions found within its walls. These carvings were made by Norse visitors between the 9th and 12th centuries AD, many of whom were likely Viking raiders seeking shelter or treasure. The runes include a variety of messages, from boasts and graffiti to the famous account of a woman named Groa, who supposedly cursed anyone who disturbed her.

Maeshowe is renowned for its alignment with the midwinter solstice. On the shortest day of the year, the setting sun's rays penetrate the long entrance passage and illuminate the back wall of the central chamber. This astronomical alignment suggests a deep understanding of celestial events by its Neolithic builders.

The site was excavated in the 19th century, and subsequent work has revealed its complex history, from its original Neolithic purpose as a burial place and ceremonial site to its later use and inscription by Vikings. Today, Maeshowe is managed by Historic Environment Scotland and is a major tourist attraction, offering a glimpse into the rich prehistoric and historic past of Orkney.