Maaviljeluses

Maaviljeluses is the Estonian term for agriculture, the practice of cultivating land and raising animals to produce food, fiber, energy, and other goods. It encompasses crop production, animal husbandry, and horticulture, and includes both small family farms and larger commercial enterprises. The field relies on managed soil, water, and climate resources, with practices such as crop rotation, soil fertilization, pest and disease control, and irrigation where suitable.

Crop production typically covers cereals (such as wheat, barley, and rye), root crops (potatoes), oil crops (rapeseed), and sugar beets, as well as vegetable and fruit cultivation. Animal husbandry includes dairy and beef cattle, pigs, and poultry, which supply meat, milk, eggs, and other products. Horticulture focuses on higher-value crops, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Organic farming and conventional farming represent different production approaches within maaviljeluses.

In Estonia, agriculture operates within the framework of national policies and the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). These policies influence subsidies, environmental requirements, nutrient management, and rural development programs. Technological advances, including precision farming, remote sensing, and data-driven decision tools, are shaping modern practices and sustainability efforts.

Education and research institutions, notably the Estonian University of Life Sciences (Eesti Maaülikool) in Tartu, contribute to training and innovation in maaviljeluses. The sector faces challenges such as climate variability, soil protection, rural demographics, and market fluctuations, while remaining a vital part of food security and rural livelihoods.