MOOCs

MOOCs, or massive open online courses, are online courses designed for large-scale participation and open access via the internet. They typically provide free or low-cost materials such as video lectures, readings, and quizzes to anyone with an internet connection. Most MOOCs allow learners to audit the course for free; paid options are common for certificates, graded assignments, or additional features. Courses are usually asynchronous, though some include synchronous sessions, and often feature forums, peer assessment, and automated grading.

MOOCs emerged in the early 2010s as a development in online education. An influential early example was Sebastian Thrun and Peter Norvig's free online AI course in 2011, which drew tens of thousands of participants. In 2012, Coursera and edX launched, popularizing the MOOC model, with Udacity and other platforms following. The term MOOC reflects the goal of reaching a large audience with open course content.

Common platforms include Coursera, edX, Udacity, and FutureLearn. These platforms partner with universities to offer courses, specializations, certificates, and even degree programs. Courses typically include video lectures, quizzes, peer assessments, and discussion forums; some provide credit through partner institutions or recognized microcredentials. Access and pricing vary, with many courses free to audit and fees charged for certificates or graded work.

Impact and challenges: MOOCs broaden access to education and lifelong learning, especially for learners in regions with limited access to traditional universities. They face critiques over variable quality, completion rates, and credential recognition. The digital divide and language barriers can also limit reach. Despite these issues, MOOCs continue to evolve, with increased emphasis on structured learning paths, microcredentials, and blended options with traditional higher education.