MHgrafiek

MHgrafiek, short for magnetization–field graph, is a plot used in magnetism to show how a magnetic material responds to an external magnetic field. The typical graph has the external field H on the horizontal axis and the magnetization M on the vertical axis, often at a fixed temperature and material orientation. In many cases the plot for ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials forms a hysteresis loop.

The key features of an MHgrafiek include saturation magnetization (Ms), where further increases in H produce little or no increase in M; remanent magnetization (Mr), the residual magnetization when H is reduced to zero; and coercivity (Hc), the field required to reduce M to zero. The loop’s shape depends on material properties such as magnetic anisotropy, defects, and domain-wall dynamics. Soft magnetic materials exhibit narrow loops with low Hc, whereas hard magnets display wide loops with higher Hc and larger Mr. For many materials, an MHgrafiek can be related to a B–H behavior through B = μ0(H + M), linking magnetization to magnetic induction.

Measurement of MHgrafieken is typically done with instruments such as a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) or a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, and can also be obtained for thin films using magneto-optical or specialized techniques. The MHgrafiek is widely used to characterize magnetic properties for applications in transformer cores, inductors, data storage, and permanent magnets, as well as to assess material suitability, quality, and performance under different temperatures and processing conditions.

Related concepts include hysteresis, coercivity, remanence, and saturation magnetization, as well as B–H curves and their conversions.