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Lithuania primarily refers to the modern-day Republic of Lithuania, a Baltic country located in Northern Europe. As the largest of the three Baltic states, Lithuania shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the southwest, and Russia (via the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the south. The country has a rich history spanning over a thousand years, with its first recorded mention dating back to 1009 in chronicles of the Holy Roman Empire.

Geographically, Lithuania is known for its diverse landscapes, including vast forests, numerous lakes, and a long coastline along the Baltic Sea. The country’s capital and largest city, Vilnius, is renowned for its well-preserved medieval architecture, historic landmarks, and vibrant cultural scene. Other notable cities include Kaunas, the second-largest urban center, and Klaipėda, a major port city on the Baltic Sea.

Lithuania has a population of approximately 2.8 million people, with the majority identifying as ethnic Lithuanians. The official language is Lithuanian, a Baltic language closely related to Latvian, which distinguishes it from its neighboring Slavic and Germanic-speaking countries. The country operates as a parliamentary republic with a president as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of government.

Economically, Lithuania has transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system since gaining independence in 1990 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It adopted the euro as its currency in 2015 and has since become a member of the European Union (since 2004), NATO (since 2004), and the Schengen Area (since 2007). The country’s economy is driven by sectors such as information technology, manufacturing, and agriculture, with a growing focus on innovation and foreign investment.

Culturally, Lithuania is known for its deep-rooted traditions, including folk music, dance, and handicrafts. The country has produced notable figures in literature, science, and the arts, contributing to its global recognition. Lithuania also hosts international events, such as the Vilnius International Film Festival and the Vilnius Jazz Festival, further showcasing its cultural diversity and creativity.