Leukoaraiosis

Leukoaraiosis is a term used in neuroimaging to describe a pattern of white matter abnormalities observed on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. These abnormalities typically appear as areas of reduced signal intensity or increased brightness, depending on the imaging modality and specific sequence. It is characterized by diffuse or patchy changes in the white matter, particularly in the deep and periventricular regions. Leukoaraiosis is not a disease itself but rather a finding that can be associated with various underlying conditions. It is often considered a sign of chronic small vessel ischemic disease, which affects the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the brain. Risk factors for leukoaraiosis include advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and a history of stroke. The clinical significance of leukoaraiosis can vary. In some individuals, it may be asymptomatic. However, in others, it can be associated with cognitive impairment, gait disturbances, mood changes, and an increased risk of stroke. The severity of leukoaraiosis is often graded based on the extent and appearance of the white matter changes. Diagnosis is made through neuroimaging, and management focuses on addressing the underlying risk factors and managing associated symptoms.