Lebomlást

Lebomlást, or decomposition, refers to the breakdown of organic matter into simpler substances. It is a fundamental process in biology and environmental science, enabling nutrient cycling, soil formation, and the conversion of waste into usable materials. Decomposition occurs through biological, chemical, and physical pathways, with microbes often playing a central role.

Biological decomposition is driven by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. It proceeds through aerobic processes when oxygen is available, yielding carbon dioxide, water, and new biomass. In anaerobic conditions, decomposition produces methane, carbon dioxide, and various organic compounds. Enzymes released by decomposers catalyze the breakdown of complex polymers into simpler molecules.

In soils, composting, and sediment systems, decomposition proceeds in stages: fragmentation and hydrolysis; acidogenesis and acetogenesis in low-oxygen niches; and final mineralization or methanogenesis depending on conditions. Litter fragments contribute to humus formation, improving soil structure and fertility.

Factors influencing lebomlás include temperature, moisture, oxygen availability, substrate quality, and pH. Readily decomposable materials break down quickly, while refractory compounds such as lignin slow the process. Environmental conditions determine whether aerobic decay or anaerobic digestion dominates and influence the end products.

Applications and relevance include waste management, agriculture, and bioremediation. Understanding lebomlás informs composting and digestion technologies, carbon cycling models, and strategies to reduce pollution by enhancing natural degradation processes.