Lazoto

Lazoto, more correctly azoto in Italian, is the chemical element nitrogen (N), with atomic number 7. It is the lightest of the diatomic molecules that consist of two nitrogen atoms, N2, which accounts for about 78% of Earth's atmosphere. The N≡N triple bond makes molecular nitrogen very stable and relatively unreactive at room temperature and pressure.

Occurrence and properties: In nature nitrogen occurs primarily as gaseous N2 in the atmosphere; it is a constituent of all living matter in the form of amino acids, nucleotides, and other compounds. Free nitrogen is extracted industrially as a gas; major production occurs by fractional distillation of liquid air and, for ammonia, via the Haber-Bosch process.

Uses: The most important commercial use is to produce ammonia (NH3) for fertilizers, which subsequently supply nitrates and urea. Nitrogen compounds also serve in explosives, polymers, and specialty chemicals. Liquid nitrogen (-196 C) provides cryogenic cooling. In metallurgy and food packaging, nitrogen is used to create inert atmospheres to prevent oxidation.

Biological role and nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen is essential for all living organisms; plants absorb nitrates and ammonium through roots. The nitrogen cycle describes fixation (conversion of N2 to nitrates), nitrification, assimilation, and denitrification, regulated by bacteria and environmental conditions.

Safety and environment: Atmospheric nitrogen is non-toxic but asphyxiating in enclosed spaces. Human activities raise reactive nitrogen levels, contributing to eutrophication, smog (NOx), and climate-relevant nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The management of nitrogen is a key aspect of environmental stewardship.

History and naming: The element was isolated in the 18th century by Daniel Rutherford, who called it "noxious air." The term nitrogen derives from Greek roots describing its role in forming nitrates and amino compounds; in Italian, the standard name is azoto.