Latvianization

Latvianization refers to the historical process of promoting Latvian language, culture, and identity within Latvia, particularly during the early 20th century. This movement gained momentum following Latvia’s independence from Russia in 1918, as the newly formed state sought to establish a distinct national identity separate from its Russian and German colonial pasts. Before independence, Latvia had been under foreign rule for centuries, with significant populations of Russian, German, Jewish, and Polish speakers. The Latvianization policies aimed to integrate these diverse communities into a unified Latvian nation by emphasizing the use of the Latvian language in education, government, and daily life.

The process involved several key measures, including the promotion of Latvian in schools and public administration, the encouragement of Latvian cultural institutions, and the gradual assimilation of non-Latvian minorities. While the goal was to foster national unity, the policies also led to tensions, particularly among ethnic Russians and Germans, who resisted cultural assimilation. Some critics argue that Latvianization was exclusionary, as it often marginalized non-Latvian speakers in favor of a centralized national identity.

Latvianization was most actively pursued during the interwar period (1918–1940) under the First Latvian Republic. After World War II, Soviet occupation (1940–1941 and 1944–1991) temporarily disrupted these efforts, as the USSR promoted Russian language and culture instead. However, Latvianization resumed after Latvia regained independence in 1991, with renewed emphasis on preserving Latvian language and culture as core elements of national identity. Today, Latvian remains the official language, and efforts continue to balance national cohesion with the rights of ethnic minorities.