Lateranum

Lateranum refers to the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, which is the cathedral church of the Diocese of Rome and the official ecclesiastical seat of the Pope. Located in Rome, Italy, it is the oldest public church in Rome and holds the title of the highest ranking Catholic church, being considered the "mother church of all churches." Its full name is the Archbasilica Sanctissimi Salvatoris et Sanctorum Ioannis Baptiste et Evangeliste in Laterano. The basilica complex also includes the Lateran Palace, the Scala Santa (Holy Stairs), and the baptistery.

The origins of Lateranum date back to the 4th century, built on land formerly owned by the Laterani family. It was consecrated by Pope Sylvester I in 324 AD. Over the centuries, it has undergone numerous renovations and reconstructions, most notably after fires and damage, with significant Baroque additions in the 17th century by Francesco Borromini. The impressive facade was added later by Alessandro Galilei.

The Archbasilica is a significant pilgrimage site and a place of great historical and religious importance within Catholicism. It serves as the location for important papal ceremonies and remains a central symbol of the Church's authority in Rome. The term "Lateran" itself has also become associated with significant historical events and agreements, such as the Lateran Pacts of 1929 which established Vatican City as an independent state.