Latenttihäviö

Latenttihäviö, also known as latent tuberculosis (LTBI), refers to a state of infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, the cause of tuberculosis (TB), in which the bacteria remain in a dormant state and do not cause active disease. It is a common condition, with an estimated 2 billion people worldwide having LTBI. The infection is typically acquired through inhalation of airborne TB bacteria from an infected person who is coughing, sneezing, or speaking.

Latent tuberculosis infection is asymptomatic, meaning it does not cause any symptoms. However, it can progress to active TB disease in about 5-10% of people with LTBI over their lifetime. The risk of progression is higher in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, or those who are malnourished.

The diagnosis of LTBI is typically made through a skin test called the Mantoux test or the tuberculin skin test (TST), which measures the body's immune response to TB infection. A blood test called the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is also used for diagnosis.

Treatment of LTBI involves a course of antibiotics, usually isoniazid, for a period of 6 to 9 months. This treatment is highly effective in preventing the progression to active TB disease. However, it is important to note that treatment should be individualized based on the patient's risk factors and the local epidemiology of TB.

Prevention of LTBI involves measures to reduce the risk of infection, such as improving ventilation in living and working spaces, using masks in crowded settings, and vaccinating high-risk individuals with the BCG vaccine. Early diagnosis and treatment of LTBI are crucial in controlling the spread of TB and preventing the development of active TB disease.