Landekosystems
Landekosystems are terrestrial ecosystems, representing the complex networks of living organisms and their physical environment on land. These ecosystems include a diverse array of habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, tundras, and mountainous regions. They are characterized by the interactions between plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, and climate, which collectively influence the flow of energy and nutrients.
The structure of landekosystems varies widely depending on climate, altitude, and geographic location. Vegetation plays a
Nutrient cycling is central to the sustainability of landekosystems. Organic matter from plants and animals decomposes
Landekosystems face numerous threats from human activities, including deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, and pollution, which can disrupt
Understanding landekosystems is essential for environmental management and sustainability. They provide vital ecosystem services such as