Laktázdeficiencia

Laktázdeficiencia, often referred to as lactose intolerance, is a digestive disorder characterized by the body's inability to fully digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This inability stems from a deficiency in lactase, an enzyme produced in the small intestine that breaks down lactose into simpler sugars, glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. When lactase is insufficient, undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where it is fermented by bacteria. This fermentation process produces gases, leading to symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea.

The prevalence of laktázdeficiencia varies significantly among different ethnic groups and geographical regions. In many populations, particularly those with a long history of dairy farming, lactase persistence, the ability to digest lactose into adulthood, is common. However, in other populations, lactase activity naturally declines after infancy, making lactose intolerance a more widespread condition.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history, a physical examination, and sometimes specific diagnostic tests. These tests can include a lactose tolerance test, where blood glucose levels are measured after consuming a lactose-rich drink, or a hydrogen breath test, which measures hydrogen levels in the breath after lactose ingestion, as undigested lactose produces hydrogen gas.

Management of laktázdeficiencia primarily involves dietary adjustments. Individuals may reduce their intake of dairy products, choose lactose-free alternatives, or use lactase enzyme supplements before consuming dairy. The severity of symptoms can vary, and many individuals can tolerate small amounts of lactose without significant discomfort.