Ladanum

Ladanum, also known as ladanum or labdanum in perfumery, is a resinous exudate produced by shrubs of the genus Cistus, especially Cistus ladanifer, native to the Mediterranean region. The resin oozes from the plant in response to injury and is typically collected in late spring and early summer. After collection, it is cleaned of debris and can be aged to mellow its odor; it may also be processed by steam distillation or solvent extraction to yield essential oil or absolute.

In perfumery, labdanum resin and its extracts are valued as base notes and fixatives. The aroma is warm, balsamic, and amber-like, with resinous and sweet undertones, sometimes described as leathery or slightly animalic. These materials help support other notes and extend fragrance longevity.

Historically, ladanum was used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans in perfumes and cosmetics and as incense. It remained a trade staple around the Mediterranean and later formed a standard ingredient in Western perfumery, particularly for amber accords. The name labdanum derives from ancient languages referring to resin or gum resin.

Modern production treats ladanum as a natural resin, with labdanum oil or labdanum absolute obtained by solvent extraction for concentrated aroma. These extracts are used in perfumery, as well as in traditional cosmetics and aromatic applications. As with other resins and essential oils, individuals may exhibit sensitivities, so proper dilution and patch testing are advised.