Lääkeaineyliherkkyys

Lääkeaineyliherkkyys, also known as drug hypersensitivity, is an adverse reaction to a medication that is not caused by its pharmacological effects. It is an immunological response that can range in severity from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. These reactions occur in susceptible individuals, meaning not everyone who takes a particular drug will experience a hypersensitivity reaction. The immune system mistakenly identifies the drug or its metabolite as a foreign substance and mounts an attack.

The onset of a drug hypersensitivity reaction can vary. Some reactions occur shortly after administration, within minutes to hours, while others may be delayed and appear days, weeks, or even months after exposure. The symptoms are diverse and can affect multiple organ systems. Common manifestations include skin reactions such as hives, itching, and rash. Other possible symptoms include fever, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal upset, and swelling. In severe cases, anaphylaxis can lead to a sudden drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis of lääkeaineyliherkkyys typically involves a thorough medical history, including detailed information about previous drug exposures and reactions. Physical examination and observation of symptoms are crucial. In some cases, specific diagnostic tests like skin prick tests or intradermal tests may be used to identify the culprit drug, though these are not always definitive and carry their own risks. A definitive diagnosis often relies on the temporal relationship between drug exposure and the onset of symptoms, along with the exclusion of other potential causes.

Management of lääkeaineyliherkkyys primarily involves prompt withdrawal of the offending medication. For severe reactions, immediate medical intervention, including administration of epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids, is necessary. Patients who have experienced a significant drug hypersensitivity reaction should be educated about the medication to avoid in the future and their medical records should be clearly marked. Alternative medications that are chemically unrelated to the culprit drug are usually considered for future treatment.