Kryptokokóza

Kryptokokóza is a systemic fungal infection caused by yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The most common species involved are Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These fungi are found worldwide, typically in soil and bird droppings. Infection usually occurs through inhalation of fungal spores.

In individuals with a healthy immune system, cryptococcosis often causes no symptoms or a mild, self-limiting respiratory illness. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or those on long-term corticosteroid therapy, the infection can become severe and potentially life-threatening.

The most common manifestation of cryptococcosis in immunocompromised individuals is meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and the brain itself. Symptoms can include headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion, and seizures. Pulmonary cryptococcosis, affecting the lungs, can present with cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Cutaneous cryptococcosis, involving the skin, can appear as lesions or ulcers.

Diagnosis is typically made through laboratory tests, including microscopic examination of bodily fluids (like cerebrospinal fluid or sputum), fungal culture, and antigen detection tests. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status, and usually involves antifungal medications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome.